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human progress

  • 1 прогресс

    progress, go-ahead, headway; (успех) advance, advancement

    добиться / достичь прогресса — to make / to achieve progress

    содействовать прогрессу — to promote progress / advancement

    внушительный / всеобъемлющий / всесторонний прогресс — all-round advance

    значительный прогресс — substantial advance / progress

    индустриальный / промышленный прогресс — industrial advance / progress

    научно-технический прогресс, НТП — scientific and technological progress

    ускорить научно-технический прогресс — to accelerate / to speed up scientific and technological progress

    экономический прогресс, прогресс в экономике — economic advance / progress / advancement

    прогресс науки — progress / advance of science

    Russian-english dctionary of diplomacy > прогресс

  • 2 человечество человечеств·о

    humanity, mankind

    Russian-english dctionary of diplomacy > человечество человечеств·о

  • 3 прогресс общества

    1) General subject: (человеческого) human progress
    2) Makarov: human progress

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > прогресс общества

  • 4 прогресс (человеческого) общества

    General subject: human progress

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > прогресс (человеческого) общества

  • 5 прогресс человеческого общества

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > прогресс человеческого общества

  • 6 факторы, содействующие прогрессу человечества

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > факторы, содействующие прогрессу человечества

  • 7 это означает новую ступень в развитии человечества

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > это означает новую ступень в развитии человечества

  • 8 специалисты по изучению субъективных факторов

    внерыночные факторы; внерыночные силы — extra-market factors

    Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > специалисты по изучению субъективных факторов

  • 9 субъективный фактор

    внерыночные факторы; внерыночные силы — extra-market factors

    Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > субъективный фактор

  • 10 desdeñar

    v.
    to disdain, to despise, to disregard, to down-play.
    * * *
    1 (despreciar) to disdain, scorn
    2 (rechazar) to turn down
    1 not to deign (de, to)
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=despreciar) to scorn, disdain
    2) (=rechazar) to turn up one's nose at
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    a) ( menospreciar) to scorn
    b) < pretendiente> to spurn
    * * *
    = disdain, scorn, be scornful of, hold in + disgrace, snub, spurn, disregard, despise, dismiss with + the wave of the hand, look down + Posesivo + nose at, look down on/upon, fly in + the face of.
    Ex. If people want regimentation which relieves them of responsibility, how then do you explain parents reaching out for control of schools, disdaining the help of experts.
    Ex. Marshall Edmonds seemed pathetic to her, a person more to be pitied than to be scorned.
    Ex. There is a large number of people who cannot afford paperbacks and would like to read, but are afraid or scornful of the ethos of the middle-class library.
    Ex. Yet, despite his great erudition and powerful writings, his scheme has had little success in establishing itself as a major competitor to such schemes as DC, UDC and LC, which Bliss himself held in some contempt.
    Ex. Some black librarian see little progress towards race-neutral attitudes and finds themselves either directly or indirectly snubbed, patronised or completely ignored by users as well as staff members.
    Ex. The government seems to spurns the architecture profession and there is a growing rift between architects who assert their utility and those who cleave to artistic prerogatives.
    Ex. Although the overwhelming majority of technologically-driven programmes disregard information problems and issues, there are encouraging signs of a growing awareness of the need for information-driven.
    Ex. By this later period pressmen in England were despised as mere 'horses', the 'great guzzlers of beer' who were rebuked by the young Benjamin Franklin for their mindless intemperance.
    Ex. International 'rules' are often dismissed with the wave of the hand or a snort of contempt one week, and gilded and placed on a pedestal the next.
    Ex. It's the kind of barn where you can learn to ride without feeling mocked or like some hoity-toities are looking down their nose at you.
    Ex. The problem with that is that most literate societies look down on people who can't read well.
    Ex. If a planned activity flies in the face of human nature, its success will be only as great as the non-human factors can ensure.
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    a) ( menospreciar) to scorn
    b) < pretendiente> to spurn
    * * *
    = disdain, scorn, be scornful of, hold in + disgrace, snub, spurn, disregard, despise, dismiss with + the wave of the hand, look down + Posesivo + nose at, look down on/upon, fly in + the face of.

    Ex: If people want regimentation which relieves them of responsibility, how then do you explain parents reaching out for control of schools, disdaining the help of experts.

    Ex: Marshall Edmonds seemed pathetic to her, a person more to be pitied than to be scorned.
    Ex: There is a large number of people who cannot afford paperbacks and would like to read, but are afraid or scornful of the ethos of the middle-class library.
    Ex: Yet, despite his great erudition and powerful writings, his scheme has had little success in establishing itself as a major competitor to such schemes as DC, UDC and LC, which Bliss himself held in some contempt.
    Ex: Some black librarian see little progress towards race-neutral attitudes and finds themselves either directly or indirectly snubbed, patronised or completely ignored by users as well as staff members.
    Ex: The government seems to spurns the architecture profession and there is a growing rift between architects who assert their utility and those who cleave to artistic prerogatives.
    Ex: Although the overwhelming majority of technologically-driven programmes disregard information problems and issues, there are encouraging signs of a growing awareness of the need for information-driven.
    Ex: By this later period pressmen in England were despised as mere 'horses', the 'great guzzlers of beer' who were rebuked by the young Benjamin Franklin for their mindless intemperance.
    Ex: International 'rules' are often dismissed with the wave of the hand or a snort of contempt one week, and gilded and placed on a pedestal the next.
    Ex: It's the kind of barn where you can learn to ride without feeling mocked or like some hoity-toities are looking down their nose at you.
    Ex: The problem with that is that most literate societies look down on people who can't read well.
    Ex: If a planned activity flies in the face of human nature, its success will be only as great as the non-human factors can ensure.

    * * *
    desdeñar [A1 ]
    vt
    1 (menospreciar) to scorn
    no tienes por qué desdeñarlos porque no tienen estudios there's no reason to look down on them o to look down your nose at them just because they haven't had an education
    desdeñó el dinero/la fama she scorned money/fame
    2 ‹pretendiente› to spurn
    * * *

    desdeñar ( conjugate desdeñar) verbo transitivo


    desdeñar verbo transitivo to disdain
    ' desdeñar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    despreciar
    English:
    disdain
    - scorn
    - sniff
    - spurn
    - scornful
    - snub
    * * *
    1. [despreciar] to scorn;
    desdeñó a varios pretendientes she spurned several suitors;
    desdeña a la gente que no es de su clase he looks down on anyone not of his class
    2. [desestimar] to dismiss;
    no conviene desdeñar las posibilidades del equipo inglés the English team's chances should not be ruled out
    * * *
    v/t scorn
    * * *
    despreciar: to disdain, to scorn, to despise
    * * *
    desdeñar vb to scorn

    Spanish-English dictionary > desdeñar

  • 11 hacer caso omiso

    (v.) = disregard, brush aside, go + unheeded, fall on + deaf ears, meet + deaf ears, thumb + Posesivo + nose at, dismiss with + the wave of the hand, fly in + the face of, push aside
    Ex. Although the overwhelming majority of technologically-driven programmes disregard information problems and issues, there are encouraging signs of a growing awareness of the need for information-driven.
    Ex. This paper discusses ways in which library staff become demotivated, including rigid hierarchies, ignoring staff, brushing aside suggestions, and claiming credit for their ideas.
    Ex. Despite all the evidence of bibliographic progress in the country during the 19th century, the expressed call for a form of national bibliographical control went unheeded.
    Ex. I realize that our pleas are no doubt continuing to fall on deaf ears at Thomson.
    Ex. The same argument on the part of librarians met deaf ears.
    Ex. America is criminalizing those who object to its military plans, and is thumbing its nose at the Geneva Convention.
    Ex. International 'rules' are often dismissed with the wave of the hand or a snort of contempt one week, and gilded and placed on a pedestal the next.
    Ex. If a planned activity flies in the face of human nature, its success will be only as great as the non-human factors can ensure.
    Ex. She's just an airheaded bimbo, with an endless capacity to push aside unpleasant realities in favor of her more satisfying interests: young men and jewels.
    * * *
    (v.) = disregard, brush aside, go + unheeded, fall on + deaf ears, meet + deaf ears, thumb + Posesivo + nose at, dismiss with + the wave of the hand, fly in + the face of, push aside

    Ex: Although the overwhelming majority of technologically-driven programmes disregard information problems and issues, there are encouraging signs of a growing awareness of the need for information-driven.

    Ex: This paper discusses ways in which library staff become demotivated, including rigid hierarchies, ignoring staff, brushing aside suggestions, and claiming credit for their ideas.
    Ex: Despite all the evidence of bibliographic progress in the country during the 19th century, the expressed call for a form of national bibliographical control went unheeded.
    Ex: I realize that our pleas are no doubt continuing to fall on deaf ears at Thomson.
    Ex: The same argument on the part of librarians met deaf ears.
    Ex: America is criminalizing those who object to its military plans, and is thumbing its nose at the Geneva Convention.
    Ex: International 'rules' are often dismissed with the wave of the hand or a snort of contempt one week, and gilded and placed on a pedestal the next.
    Ex: If a planned activity flies in the face of human nature, its success will be only as great as the non-human factors can ensure.
    Ex: She's just an airheaded bimbo, with an endless capacity to push aside unpleasant realities in favor of her more satisfying interests: young men and jewels.

    Spanish-English dictionary > hacer caso omiso

  • 12 no prestar atención

    (v.) = disregard, overlook, close + the door on, go + unheeded, fly in + the face of
    Ex. Although the overwhelming majority of technologically-driven programmes disregard information problems and issues, there are encouraging signs of a growing awareness of the need for information-driven.
    Ex. This can only achieved by examining the literature of the subject area thoroughly for any isolates that might possibly have been overlooked.
    Ex. Librarians cannot afford to close the door on current issues.
    Ex. Despite all the evidence of bibliographic progress in the country during the 19th century, the expressed call for a form of national bibliographical control went unheeded.
    Ex. If a planned activity flies in the face of human nature, its success will be only as great as the non-human factors can ensure.
    * * *
    (v.) = disregard, overlook, close + the door on, go + unheeded, fly in + the face of

    Ex: Although the overwhelming majority of technologically-driven programmes disregard information problems and issues, there are encouraging signs of a growing awareness of the need for information-driven.

    Ex: This can only achieved by examining the literature of the subject area thoroughly for any isolates that might possibly have been overlooked.
    Ex: Librarians cannot afford to close the door on current issues.
    Ex: Despite all the evidence of bibliographic progress in the country during the 19th century, the expressed call for a form of national bibliographical control went unheeded.
    Ex: If a planned activity flies in the face of human nature, its success will be only as great as the non-human factors can ensure.

    Spanish-English dictionary > no prestar atención

  • 13 rechazar

    v.
    1 to reject.
    el gobierno rechazó las acusaciones de corrupción the government rejected o denied the accusations of corruption
    Ellos rechazan el grano malo They reject the bad grain.
    4 to clear (sport).
    el portero rechazó la pelota y la mandó fuera the goalkeeper tipped the ball out of play
    5 to refuse, to pass up, to decline, to disregard.
    Ellos rechazan el café They refuse the coffee.
    6 to refuse to.
    Ellos rechazan comprar eso They refuse to buy that.
    7 to turn one's back on.
    8 to dishonor, to refuse to accept, to repudiate, to disavow.
    Ellos rechazan el reconocimiento They dishonor the recognition.
    * * *
    1 (gen) to reject, turn down, refuse
    2 (ataque) to repel, repulse, drive back
    3 MEDICINA to reject
    * * *
    verb
    1) to reject, decline
    * * *
    VT
    1) [+ persona] to push away; [+ ataque] to repel, beat off; [+ enemigo] to drive back
    2) [+ acusación, idea] to reject; [+ oferta] to turn down, refuse; [+ tentación] to resist
    3) [+ luz] to reflect; [+ agua] to throw off
    4) (Med) [+ órgano] to reject
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    a) <invitación/propuesta/individuo> to reject; <moción/enmienda> to defeat; <oferta/trabajo> to turn down
    b) <ataque/enemigo> to repel, repulse
    c) (Med) < órgano> to reject
    * * *
    = condemn, decline, discard, eschew, reject, set + aside, flinch at/from, refuse, negative, discountenance, repulse, shun, be hostile to, ditch, renounce, snub, nix, defeat, disavow, deselect, turn down, spurn, repudiate, fight off, hold off, dismiss with + the wave of the hand, fend off, overrule, push aside, turn + Nombre + away.
    Ex. It must, however, also be considered as a major source of the 'subject index illusion' so trenchantly condemned by Bliss, as mentioned below.
    Ex. The title 'Unsolicited marginal gift collections: saying no or coping with the unwanted' deals with the problem of how to cope with collections which should have been declined, but were not.
    Ex. The dates should be checked regularly and updated so that old dates are discarded and new ones entered.
    Ex. However, most contributors to the debate about the future of SLIS have eschewed practicalities in favour of sweeping and dramatic generalizations.
    Ex. Any reliance on principles alone is rejected, and an attempt is made to codify experience.
    Ex. Such championship cannot be lightly set aside, nevertheless it is now quiet certain that 'bibliography', incorrect and unfortunate as it may be, is here to stay and the situation must be accepted.
    Ex. It is increasingly obvious that we are as a nation one and indivisible, that divisive tendencies are a thing of the past, but there are still too many inheritors of the old indifference, and who flinch at co-operation as at an evil.
    Ex. In this novel, if you remember, Henry Crawford, having been refused by the heroine Fanny, goes off and elopes with an old flame, Mrs Rushworth.
    Ex. Bough negatived the suggestion instantly.
    Ex. Balzac discountenanced virtually every idea Hernandez and children's librarian, Kate Lespran, had the courage to suggest.
    Ex. Leforte blew forth a long breath, as if trying to repulse the oppressive heat of the September morning.
    Ex. Traditionally these books have been shunned because of their fragile nature, but librarians are finding that a small collection can enliven story times.
    Ex. Although he recognized the need for some forms of synthesis, Bliss was hostile to the idea of complete analysis and synthesis put forward by Ranganathan.
    Ex. It is time that higher education institutions accepted the wisdom of collaboration and ditched, once and for all, the rhetoric of competition = Ya es hora de que las instituciones de enseñanza superior acepten la colaboración y rechacen, de una vez por todas, la competitividad.
    Ex. 'Classification by attraction', i.e. the placing of a subject as the most concrete element represented in it, without regard to the basic discipline concerned, is renounced = Se rechaza la "Clasificación por atracción", es decir, la asignación de una materia según el elemento más concreto representado en ella, sin tener en cuenta la disciplina en cuestión.
    Ex. Some black librarian see little progress towards race-neutral attitudes and finds themselves either directly or indirectly snubbed, patronised or completely ignored by users as well as staff members.
    Ex. This play was nixed by school officials on the grounds that the subject of sweatshops was not appropriate for that age group.
    Ex. The author focuses on the campaign of the Idaho Library Association to defeat this initiative.
    Ex. Feminists disavow biology & biologists who reduce human biology to anatomy.
    Ex. There is a need to provide public access to the Internet and to develop guidelines for selecting and deselecting appropriate resources.
    Ex. Public school, strapped for cash, find offers from advertising revenue hard to turn down.
    Ex. The government seems to spurns the architecture profession and there is a growing rift between architects who assert their utility and those who cleave to artistic prerogatives.
    Ex. The author attempts to repudiate Cherniavsky's argument to show that machine intelligence cannot equal human intelligence.
    Ex. These pillboxes were originally built to help fight off a Nazi invasion.
    Ex. A dam at the Strait of Gibraltar could be constructed to limit the outflow and reverse the climate deterioration, thus holding off the next ice age.
    Ex. International 'rules' are often dismissed with the wave of the hand or a snort of contempt one week, and gilded and placed on a pedestal the next.
    Ex. During the rutting season, they are used to fend off other males in an attempt to gather a harem of females to breed with.
    Ex. President Eisenhower overruled some of his military commanders in summer 1958, ordering them not to use nuclear weapons against China.
    Ex. She's just an airheaded bimbo, with an endless capacity to push aside unpleasant realities in favor of her more satisfying interests: young men and jewels.
    Ex. They will be patrolling in plain clothes to spot doormen who turn away people apparently on the basis of their ethnicity.
    ----
    * cheque + ser rechazado = cheque + bounce.
    * rechazar Algo/Alguien = turn + Nombre + down.
    * rechazar la responsabilidad = disclaim + responsibility.
    * rechazarse = go by + the board.
    * rechazar sin más = dismiss + out of hand.
    * rechazar una hipótesis = reject + hypothesis, negate + hypothesis.
    * rechazar una idea = turn + idea + down.
    * rechazar una ley = defeat + legislation.
    * rechazar una moción = defeat + motion.
    * rechazar una sugerencia = turn + idea + down.
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    a) <invitación/propuesta/individuo> to reject; <moción/enmienda> to defeat; <oferta/trabajo> to turn down
    b) <ataque/enemigo> to repel, repulse
    c) (Med) < órgano> to reject
    * * *
    = condemn, decline, discard, eschew, reject, set + aside, flinch at/from, refuse, negative, discountenance, repulse, shun, be hostile to, ditch, renounce, snub, nix, defeat, disavow, deselect, turn down, spurn, repudiate, fight off, hold off, dismiss with + the wave of the hand, fend off, overrule, push aside, turn + Nombre + away.

    Ex: It must, however, also be considered as a major source of the 'subject index illusion' so trenchantly condemned by Bliss, as mentioned below.

    Ex: The title 'Unsolicited marginal gift collections: saying no or coping with the unwanted' deals with the problem of how to cope with collections which should have been declined, but were not.
    Ex: The dates should be checked regularly and updated so that old dates are discarded and new ones entered.
    Ex: However, most contributors to the debate about the future of SLIS have eschewed practicalities in favour of sweeping and dramatic generalizations.
    Ex: Any reliance on principles alone is rejected, and an attempt is made to codify experience.
    Ex: Such championship cannot be lightly set aside, nevertheless it is now quiet certain that 'bibliography', incorrect and unfortunate as it may be, is here to stay and the situation must be accepted.
    Ex: It is increasingly obvious that we are as a nation one and indivisible, that divisive tendencies are a thing of the past, but there are still too many inheritors of the old indifference, and who flinch at co-operation as at an evil.
    Ex: In this novel, if you remember, Henry Crawford, having been refused by the heroine Fanny, goes off and elopes with an old flame, Mrs Rushworth.
    Ex: Bough negatived the suggestion instantly.
    Ex: Balzac discountenanced virtually every idea Hernandez and children's librarian, Kate Lespran, had the courage to suggest.
    Ex: Leforte blew forth a long breath, as if trying to repulse the oppressive heat of the September morning.
    Ex: Traditionally these books have been shunned because of their fragile nature, but librarians are finding that a small collection can enliven story times.
    Ex: Although he recognized the need for some forms of synthesis, Bliss was hostile to the idea of complete analysis and synthesis put forward by Ranganathan.
    Ex: It is time that higher education institutions accepted the wisdom of collaboration and ditched, once and for all, the rhetoric of competition = Ya es hora de que las instituciones de enseñanza superior acepten la colaboración y rechacen, de una vez por todas, la competitividad.
    Ex: 'Classification by attraction', i.e. the placing of a subject as the most concrete element represented in it, without regard to the basic discipline concerned, is renounced = Se rechaza la "Clasificación por atracción", es decir, la asignación de una materia según el elemento más concreto representado en ella, sin tener en cuenta la disciplina en cuestión.
    Ex: Some black librarian see little progress towards race-neutral attitudes and finds themselves either directly or indirectly snubbed, patronised or completely ignored by users as well as staff members.
    Ex: This play was nixed by school officials on the grounds that the subject of sweatshops was not appropriate for that age group.
    Ex: The author focuses on the campaign of the Idaho Library Association to defeat this initiative.
    Ex: Feminists disavow biology & biologists who reduce human biology to anatomy.
    Ex: There is a need to provide public access to the Internet and to develop guidelines for selecting and deselecting appropriate resources.
    Ex: Public school, strapped for cash, find offers from advertising revenue hard to turn down.
    Ex: The government seems to spurns the architecture profession and there is a growing rift between architects who assert their utility and those who cleave to artistic prerogatives.
    Ex: The author attempts to repudiate Cherniavsky's argument to show that machine intelligence cannot equal human intelligence.
    Ex: These pillboxes were originally built to help fight off a Nazi invasion.
    Ex: A dam at the Strait of Gibraltar could be constructed to limit the outflow and reverse the climate deterioration, thus holding off the next ice age.
    Ex: International 'rules' are often dismissed with the wave of the hand or a snort of contempt one week, and gilded and placed on a pedestal the next.
    Ex: During the rutting season, they are used to fend off other males in an attempt to gather a harem of females to breed with.
    Ex: President Eisenhower overruled some of his military commanders in summer 1958, ordering them not to use nuclear weapons against China.
    Ex: She's just an airheaded bimbo, with an endless capacity to push aside unpleasant realities in favor of her more satisfying interests: young men and jewels.
    Ex: They will be patrolling in plain clothes to spot doormen who turn away people apparently on the basis of their ethnicity.
    * cheque + ser rechazado = cheque + bounce.
    * rechazar Algo/Alguien = turn + Nombre + down.
    * rechazar la responsabilidad = disclaim + responsibility.
    * rechazarse = go by + the board.
    * rechazar sin más = dismiss + out of hand.
    * rechazar una hipótesis = reject + hypothesis, negate + hypothesis.
    * rechazar una idea = turn + idea + down.
    * rechazar una ley = defeat + legislation.
    * rechazar una moción = defeat + motion.
    * rechazar una sugerencia = turn + idea + down.

    * * *
    rechazar [A4 ]
    vt
    1 ‹invitación/propuesta› to reject; ‹oferta/trabajo› to turn down
    la moción fue rechazada the motion was defeated
    rechazó su proposición de matrimonio she rejected o turned down his proposal of marriage
    se sienten rechazados por la sociedad they feel rejected by society
    2 ‹ataque/enemigo› to repel, repulse
    3 ‹luz› to reflect
    4 ( Med) ‹órgano› to reject
    * * *

     

    rechazar ( conjugate rechazar) verbo transitivo
    a) ‹invitación/propuesta/individuo› to reject;

    ‹moción/enmienda› to defeat;
    ‹oferta/trabajo› to turn down
    b) ‹ataque/enemigo› to repel, repulse

    c) (Med) ‹ órgano› to reject

    rechazar verbo transitivo
    1 (una idea, un plan, a una persona) to reject
    (oferta, contrato) to turn down
    2 Med (un órgano) to reject
    3 Mil to repel
    ' rechazar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    barrer
    - declinar
    - negar
    - definitivamente
    - desechar
    - despreciar
    - plano
    English:
    beat off
    - brush off
    - decline
    - defeat
    - deny
    - disallow
    - dismiss
    - fend off
    - fight off
    - head-hunt
    - offer
    - refuse
    - reject
    - repudiate
    - repulse
    - shun
    - snub
    - spurn
    - stave off
    - sweep aside
    - turn away
    - turn down
    - ward off
    - wave aside
    - fend
    - fight
    - hand
    - over
    - parry
    - rebuff
    - repel
    - throw
    - turn
    - ward
    - wave
    * * *
    1. [no aceptar] to reject;
    [oferta, invitación] to turn down, to reject
    2. [negar] to deny;
    el gobierno rechazó las acusaciones de corrupción the government rejected o denied the accusations of corruption;
    rechazó que vaya a presentarse a la presidencia he denied that he was going to run for the presidency
    3. [órgano] to reject;
    el paciente rechazó el órgano the patient rejected the organ
    4. [repeler] [a una persona] to push away;
    [a atacantes] to drive back, to repel;
    rechazaron el ataque de los enemigos they repelled the enemy attack
    5. Dep to clear;
    el portero rechazó la pelota y la mandó fuera the goalkeeper tipped the ball out of play
    * * *
    v/t reject; MIL repel
    * * *
    rechazar {21} vt
    1) : to reject
    2) : to turn down, to refuse
    * * *
    rechazar vb to reject / to turn down

    Spanish-English dictionary > rechazar

  • 14 В-92

    НИ ВЗАД НИ ВПЕРЁД coll AdvP Invar fixed WO
    1. Also: НИ ВЗАД И НИ ВПЕРЁД ( adv or predic (subj: human, animal, or a noun denoting a vehicle)) (some person, animal, or vehicle is) unable to move in any direction, (does) not move from one's or its place
    X ни взад ни вперёд = X won't (can't) move (go) backward or forward
    X won't move (go) one way or the other (either one way or the other) X won't move an inch X won't budge (an inch).
    Машина застряла в грязи - и ни взад ни вперёд. The car got stuck in the mud and couldn't go backward or forward.
    2. (predic with subj: abstr, concr, or human) (of a person's work, matters etc, or of a person who is trying to do a project, task etc) not to show any progress, be in the same state
    X ни взад ни вперёд - X is making no progress (headway)
    X is at a (complete) standstill there is absolutely no progress with thing X X isn't getting anywhere.

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > В-92

  • 15 М-95

    НИ С МЕСТА coll PrepP Invar
    1. ( indep. sent) (used as a command) stand still, do not make the slightest movement
    don't move!
    stay where you are! stay put! freeze!
    «Отрезвел я, когда они закрыли дверь кассы и длинный, вытащив наган, сказал: „Руки вверх, ни с места!"» (Семенов 1). "I sobered up when they closed the door of the bank and the tall one pulled out a revolver and said: 'Hands up! Don't move!"' (1a).
    2. (predic (subj: human, animal, or a noun denoting a vehicle)) to remain in the same position, not move from one's or its place
    X - ни с места - X won't (can't) move an inch
    X won't budge (an inch).
    «Ужасные бестии эти азиаты! Вы думаете, они помогают, что кричат? А черт их разберет, что они кричат? Быки-то их понимают запрягите хоть двадцать, так коли они крикнут по-своему, быки всё ни с места...» (Лермонтов 1). "They're terrific rogues, these Asiatics! You don't think their yelling helps much, do you? You can't tell what the devil they're saying. But the oxen understand them all right, hitch up twenty of the beasts if you wish and they won't budge once those fellows begin yelling in their tongue..." (1b)
    3. (predic ( subj: abstr or human)) (of work, matters etc) not to show any advancement, to be in the same state as previously
    X ни с места - X is making no progress (headway)
    X is getting nowhere there is (person Y is making) absolutely no progress with thing X X is at a (complete) standstill.
    (Муромский:)...Пять месяцев я здесь живу... - а дело ни с места! (Сухово-Кобылин 1). (М.:) Here I am, five months already...and there's been absolutely no progress with the case! (1a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > М-95

  • 16 ни взад и ни вперед

    [AdvP; Invar; fixed WO]
    =====
    1. Also: НИ ВЗАД И НИ ВПЕРЕД [adv or predic (subj: human, animal, or a noun denoting a vehicle)]
    ⇒ (some person, animal, or vehicle is) unable to move in any direction, (does) not move from one's or its place:
    - X ни взад ни вперёд≈ X won't (can't) move <go> backward or forward;
    - X won't move <go> one way or the other (either one way or the other);
    - X won't budge (an inch).
         ♦ Машина застряла в грязи - и ни взад ни вперёд. The car got stuck in the mud and couldn't go backward or forward.
    2. [predic with subj: abstr, concr, or human]
    ⇒ (of a person's work, matters etc, or of a person who is trying to do a project, task etc) not to show any progress, be in the same state:
    - X isn't getting anywhere.

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > ни взад и ни вперед

  • 17 ни взад ни вперед

    [AdvP; Invar; fixed WO]
    =====
    1. Also: НИ ВЗАД И НИ ВПЕРЕД [adv or predic (subj: human, animal, or a noun denoting a vehicle)]
    ⇒ (some person, animal, or vehicle is) unable to move in any direction, (does) not move from one's or its place:
    - X ни взад ни вперёд≈ X won't (can't) move <go> backward or forward;
    - X won't move <go> one way or the other (either one way or the other);
    - X won't budge (an inch).
         ♦ Машина застряла в грязи - и ни взад ни вперёд. The car got stuck in the mud and couldn't go backward or forward.
    2. [predic with subj: abstr, concr, or human]
    ⇒ (of a person's work, matters etc, or of a person who is trying to do a project, task etc) not to show any progress, be in the same state:
    - X ни взад ни вперёд≈ X is making no progress (headway);
    - X isn't getting anywhere.

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > ни взад ни вперед

  • 18 ни с места

    [PrepP; Invar]
    =====
    1. [indep. sent]
    ⇒ (used as a command) stand still, do not make the slightest movement:
    - don't move!;
    - stay where you are!;
    - stay put!;
    - freeze!
         ♦ "Отрезвел я, когда они закрыли дверь кассы и длинный, вытащив наган, сказал: "Руки вверх, ни с места!"" (Семенов 1). "I sobered up when they closcd the door of the bank and the tall one pulled out a revolver and said: 'Hands up! Don't move!'" (1a).
    2. [predic (subj: human, animal, or a noun denoting a vehicle)]
    ⇒ to remain in the same position, not move from one's or its place:
    - X - ни с места≈ X won't (can't) move an inch;
    - X won't budge (an inch).
         ♦ "Ужасные бестии эти азиаты! Вы думаете, они помогают, что кричат? А черт их разберет, что они кричат? Быки-то их понимают; запрягите хоть двадцать, так коли они крикнут по-своему, быки всё ни с места..." (Лермонтов 1). "They're terrific rogues, these Asiatics! You don't think their yelling helps much, do you? You can't tell what the devil they're saying. But the oxen understand them all right; hitch up twenty of the beasts if you wish and they won't budge once those fellows begin yelling in their tongue..." (1b)
    3. [predic (subj: abstr or human)]
    ⇒ (of work, matters etc) not to show any advancement, to be in the same state as previously:
    - X ни с места≈ X is making no progress (headway);
    - X is at a (complete) standstill.
         ♦ [Муромский:]...Пять месяцев я здесь живу... - а дело ни с места! (Сухово-Кобылин 1). [М.:] Here I am, five months already...and there's been absolutely no progress with the case! (1a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > ни с места

  • 19 Artificial Intelligence

       In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)
       Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)
       Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....
       When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)
       4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually
       Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)
       What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)
       The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)
       9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form
       The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)
       There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:
        Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."
        Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)
       Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)
       Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)
       The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)
        14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation
       It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)
       We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.
       Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.
       Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.
    ... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)
       Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)
        16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts
       Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)
       Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System
       Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence
       The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.
       The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)
       The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....
       AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)
        21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions
       In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)
       Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)
       Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)
       The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence

  • 20 БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ

    Мы приняли следующие сокращения для наиболее часто упоминаемых книг и журналов:
    IJP - International Journal of Psycho-analysis
    JAPA - Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association
    SE - Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. James Strachey (London: Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 1953—74.)
    PSOC - Psychoanalytic Study of the Child (New Haven: Yale University Press)
    PQ - Psychoanalytic Quarterly
    WAF - The Writings of Anna Freud, ed. Anna Freud (New York: International Universities Press, 1966—74)
    PMC - Psychoanalysis The Major Concepts ed. Burness E. Moore and Bernard D. Fine (New Haven: Yale University Press)
    \
    О словаре: _about - Psychoanalytic Terms and Concepts
    \
    1. Abend, S. M. Identity. PMC. Forthcoming.
    2. Abend, S. M. (1974) Problems of identity. PQ, 43.
    3. Abend, S. M., Porder, M. S. & Willick, M. S. (1983) Borderline Patients. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    4. Abraham, K. (1916) The first pregenital stage of libido. Selected Papers. London, Hogarth Press, 1948.
    5. Abraham, K. (1917) Ejaculatio praecox. In: selected Papers. New York Basic Books.
    6. Abraham, K. (1921) Contributions to the theory of the anal character. Selected Papers. New York: Basic Books, 1953.
    7. Abraham, K. (1924) A Short study of the development of the libido, viewed in the light of mental disorders. In: Selected Papers. London: Hogarth Press, 1927.
    8. Abraham, K. (1924) Manic-depressive states and the pre-genital levels of the libido. In: Selected Papers. London: Hogarth Press, 1949.
    9. Abraham, K. (1924) Selected Papers. London: Hogarth Press, 1948.
    10. Abraham, K. (1924) The influence of oral erotism on character formation. Ibid.
    11. Abraham, K. (1925) The history of an impostor in the light of psychoanalytic knowledge. In: Clinical Papers and Essays on Psychoanalysis. New York: Basic Books, 1955, vol. 2.
    12. Abrams, S. (1971) The psychoanalytic unconsciousness. In: The Unconscious Today, ed. M. Kanzer. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    13. Abrams, S. (1981) Insight. PSOC, 36.
    14. Abse, D W. (1985) The depressive character In Depressive States and their Treatment, ed. V. Volkan New York: Jason Aronson.
    15. Abse, D. W. (1985) Hysteria and Related Mental Disorders. Bristol: John Wright.
    16. Ackner, B. (1954) Depersonalization. J. Ment. Sci., 100.
    17. Adler, A. (1924) Individual Psychology. New York: Harcourt, Brace.
    18. Akhtar, S. (1984) The syndrome of identity diffusion. Amer. J. Psychiat., 141.
    19. Alexander, F. (1950) Psychosomatic Medicine. New York: Norton.
    20. Allen, D. W. (1974) The Feat- of Looking. Charlottesvill, Va: Univ. Press of Virginia.
    21. Allen, D. W. (1980) Psychoanalytic treatment of the exhibitionist. In: Exhibitionist, Description, Assessment, and Treatment, ed. D. Cox. New York: Garland STPM Press.
    22. Allport, G. (1937) Personality. New York: Henry Holt.
    23. Almansi, R. J. (1960) The face-breast equation. JAPA, 6.
    24. Almansi, R. J. (1979) Scopophilia and object loss. PQ, 47.
    25. Altman, L. Z. (1969) The Dream in Psychoanalysis. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    26. Altman, L. Z. (1977) Some vicissitudes of love. JAPA, 25.
    27. American Psychiatric Association. (1987) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3d ed. revised. Washington, D. C.
    28. Ansbacher, Z. & Ansbacher, R. (1956) The Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler. New York: Basic Books.
    29. Anthony, E. J. (1981) Shame, guilt, and the feminine self in psychoanalysis. In: Object and Self, ed. S. Tuttman, C. Kaye & M. Zimmerman. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    30. Arlow. J. A. (1953) Masturbation and symptom formation. JAPA, 1.
    31. Arlow. J. A. (1959) The structure of the deja vu experience. JAPA, 7.
    32. Arlow. J. A. (1961) Ego psychology and the study of mythology. JAPA, 9.
    33. Arlow. J. A. (1963) Conflict, regression and symptom formation. IJP, 44.
    34. Arlow. J. A. (1966) Depersonalization and derealization. In: Psychoanalysis: A General Psychology, ed. R. M. Loewenstein, L. M. Newman, M. Schur & A. J. Solnit. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    35. Arlow. J. A. (1969) Fantasy, memory and reality testing. PQ, 38.
    36. Arlow. J. A. (1969) Unconscious fantasy and disturbances of mental experience. PQ, 38.
    37. Arlow. J. A. (1970) The psychopathology of the psychoses. IJP, 51.
    38. Arlow. J. A. (1975) The structural hypothesis. PQ, 44.
    39. Arlow. J. A. (1977) Affects and the psychoanalytic situation. IJP, 58.
    40. Arlow. J. A. (1979) Metaphor and the psychoanalytic situation. PQ, 48.
    41. Arlow. J. A. (1979) The genesis of interpretation. JAPA, 27 (suppl.).
    42. Arlow. J. A. (1982) Problems of the superego concept. PSOC, 37.
    43. Arlow. J. A. (1984) Disturbances of the sense of time. PQ, 53.
    44. Arlow. J. A. (1985) Some technical problems of countertransference. PQ, 54.
    45. Arlow, J. A. & Brenner, C. (1963) Psychoanalytic Concepts and the Structural Theory, New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    46. Arlow, J. A. & Brenner, C. (1969) The psychopathology of the psychoses. IJP, 50.
    47. Asch, S. S. (1966) Depression. PSOC, 21.
    48. Asch, S. S. (1976) Varieties of negative therapeutic reactions and problems of technique. JAPA, 24.
    49. Atkins, N. (1970) The Oedipus myth. Adolescence, and the succession of generations. JAPA, 18.
    50. Atkinson, J. W. & Birch, D. (1970) The Dynamics of Action. New York: Wiley.
    51. Bachrach, H. M. & Leaff, L. A. (1978) Analyzability. JAPA, 26.
    52. Bacon, C. (1956) A developmental theory of female homosexuality. In: Perversions,ed, S. Lorand & M. Balint. New York: Gramercy.
    53. Bak, R. C. (1953) Fetishism. JAPA. 1.
    54. Bak, R. C. (1968) The phallic woman. PSOC, 23.
    55. Bak, R. C. & Stewart, W. A. (1974) Fetishism, transvestism, and voyeurism. An American Handbook of Psychiatry, ed. S. Arieti. New York: Basic Books, vol. 3.
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